HUMANITARIAN DIPLOMACY: The Craft and Art

Humanitarian crises captivate the public’s attention. Images on television and in newspapers depict civilians fleeing violence or the devastating and indiscriminate impact of natural disasters, as well as the life-saving interventions of health professionals. An estimated 250,000 humanitarian workers are involved in these operations, many of which take place in dangerous locations such as Ukraine, Syria/Iraq, South Sudan, the Central African Republic [CAR], and Eastern Congo.

We need to look more closely at the role of humanitarian workers in negotiating access and other humanitarian issues with combatants and other actors in conflict zones. There is some truth to the assertion that negotiations pursuing humanitarian goals must necessarily differ from purely political deals resulting from traditional negotiation processes. Humanitarian principles must, once again, set the agenda for humanitarian actors’ negotiations. As a result, it is critical that those working in the international field recognize and respect their humanitarian colleagues.

Humanitarian Diplomacy Defined

Humanitarian diplomacy is effective in persuading decision-makers and opinion leaders to act in the best interests of vulnerable people and in accordance with fundamental humanitarian principles at all times. Humanitarian diplomacy seeks to mobilize public and governmental support and resources for humanitarian operations and programs, as well as to facilitate effective partnerships for meeting vulnerable people’s needs. Advocacy, negotiation, communication, formal agreements, and other measures are all part of humanitarian diplomacy. It is a crowded field with many players, including governments, international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the private sector, and individuals.

Health diplomacy as an aspect in humanitarian diplomacy

Humanitarian action, including health assistance, is characterized by a variety of diplomacy levels. Global norms and international humanitarian law govern international humanitarian action, which includes principles outlined in United Nations General Assembly Resolutions, agreements reached in multilateral forums such as the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, and the Geneva Conventions, which govern humanitarian action in war-torn countries. The rapid growth in the number of humanitarian actors working for or with governments at all levels, often in complex situations, has increased the importance of humanitarian diplomacy.

During humanitarian operations, a variety of people engage in health diplomacy at various levels. Negotiations determine the amount of assistance, how that assistance is delivered, who is involved in delivering it, and how to reach crisis-affected populations. This diplomacy occurs in multilateral, bilateral, and local settings, and it involves both state and non-state actors. Diplomacy plays a role at the global level in determining resource allocation and scale, as well as technical standards for health interventions. Negotiations at the local level determine how assistance is coordinated, the extent to which technical standards and international humanitarian law are followed, military engagement, and the role of national governments and other national stakeholders.

Approaches of Diplomacy in Humanitarian Aid.

Diplomacy is a specialized function performed by a specific group of people. The duties and obligations of official diplomats, as well as their performance of their duties, are clearly defined by international law and custom. Behind humanitarian officials’ discomfort with the term diplomacy is the fact that diplomacy entails regular interactions with host political officials, whether state or non-state actors. Whereas diplomats’ portfolios are overwhelmingly political, humanitarian organizations strive to establish and maintain their non-political credentials.

Diplomats in a given crisis-affected country form a “community.” They collaborate on issues of mutual interest to their respective governments, which were previously political and military in nature but are now increasingly economic and, in some cases, humanitarian in nature. Humanitarian diplomacy, on the other hand, is not framed by such a well-established regime. To be sure, international humanitarian, human rights, and refugee law provide a framework for governments to agree on. In recent years, significant progress has been made in clarifying and compelling such obligations, particularly in the areas of human rights and internally displaced persons.

International Committee of the Red Cross concept of Humanitarian  Diplomacy

For example, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has developed its own definition of humanitarian diplomacy to reflect its specific mandate. Meanwhile, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) has had a new division dedicated to promoting humanitarian diplomacy since 2010. The ICRC’s access diplomacy is based on a continuous process of negotiation to establish its presence in these areas, stay close to the affected people and communities, and seek the consent of the relevant parties to allow humanitarian operations to take place. Principled humanitarian action and diplomacy are concerned with preserving this neutral, impartial, and independent space: an embodiment of our shared humanity that endures even in the most difficult circumstances of tomorrow’s armed conflicts and natural disasters.

CASE STUDY

IRAQ

Humanitarian diplomacy helped non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Iraq overcome operational constraints caused by limited humanitarian space. The Coalition 108 occupation and rule in Iraq; the resulting insecurity in the country; the humanitarian impact of the war; and the role of the various humanitarian actors present before and after the war were the four contextual factors that determined international NGOs’ efforts at humanitarian diplomacy in Iraq after the second Gulf War. The post-war humanitarian situation in Iraq must be understood in light of Saddam Hussein’s government’s years of punishing economic sanctions and domestic repression.The effects of the war, as well as the subsequent destabilization of the country after the occupation was established, exacerbated the problem. Following the war, the number of actors involved in humanitarian assistance and reconstruction increased dramatically. Over 100 international NGOs and UN agencies had prepared to respond to what was expected to be a major humanitarian disaster. A small group of NGOs formed the NGO Coordination Committee in Iraq (NCCI) in April 2003 in response to growing concerns about preserving humanitarian space and ensuring the neutrality, impartiality, and operational independence of humanitarian activity within the framework of the occupation. The NCCI’s humanitarian diplomacy alternated between two levels: seeking concrete, case-by-case solutions to NGOs’ main operational constraints, and pursuing a more process-oriented engagement with various players for broader, more sustainable, and more principled goals.

SUDAN

There were large-scale interventions by the World Food Programme and the role of humanitarian diplomacy in the pursuit of operational humanitarian objectives in Sudan, which had an impact on operational issues. First, humanitarian diplomacy operates in an environment characterized by multiple or ambiguous political objectives. In Sudan, the government’s other priorities determined the priority given to humanitarian work, and the exigencies of the civil war took precedence over humanitarian concerns. Given the operational constraints, negotiating for humanitarian space is a never-ending struggle. It will be argued here that humanitarian diplomacy can be viewed as a type of policy implementation activity carried out in an adverse political and physical environment.

WFP and its sister UN aid agencies conduct humanitarian diplomacy in the absence of the ultimate sanction of force. Similarly, the promise of free assistance does not guarantee an unconditional welcome. Negotiations are necessary at all stages of a humanitarian operation, but not all of them are diplomatic in nature.

Conclusion

 To ensure that humanitarian practitioners’ voices are heard in global humanitarian decision-making, these practitioners must learn how to engage in and influence diplomatic processes at both the global and local levels. Training in negotiation and advocacy is required to influence multilateral organizations’ decision-making among donor and recipient states, as well as among local communities. Humanitarian diplomacy is a new concept. Its definition differs from that of traditional diplomacy, which seeks to manage states’ international relations through negotiation. Instead, humanitarian diplomacy focuses on “maximizing support for operations and programs, and building the partnerships required to achieve humanitarian objectives.

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Writer by Eric Muhia, International Studies and Diplomacy Graduate Student and Young Diplomat.

21 September 2022, Kenya

Category: Diplomacy

Reference: EM21092022D    

“Somos una empresa de desarrollo de capacidades que conecta valores, culturas, organizaciones, individuos y sociedades en todo el mundo”

THE INTERNATIONAL HONORIS CAUSA FOUNDATION AWARDED THE IBERO-AMERICAN MEDAL TO PROTOCOLTODAY

THE INTERNATIONAL HONORIS CAUSA FOUNDATION AWARDED THE IBERO-AMERICAN MEDAL TO ADRIANA FLORES, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF PROTOCOLTODAY. 04 AUGUST 2022, MEXICO CITY, CLUB DE INDUSTRIALES.

Adriana Flores was awarded the Ibero-American Medal of the Honoris Causa Foundation, “United for a Better World,” a badge awarded to life experiences turned into success for her spirit of improvement to create what she now has with her protocol, and Protocol Today, diplomacy has achieved success.

Based on her illustrious career and professional success, the result of a long history of hard work and excellence.

ProtocolToday® The Hague, Kingdom of the Netherlands, is an international protocol, diplomacy, interpersonal skills, business etiquette, and global cultural intelligence expert organization. It provides customized training programs based on public and private sector solutions.

Adriana Flores is regarded as a change agent and an advocate for Mexican business abroad; she was named President of the FHC in the Netherlands and Iberomerica leader.

This ceremonial act took place at Mexico City’s Industrial Club. DHC Enrique Michel Velasco, President of the FHC Board of Directors, DHC Raquel Bessudo, Vice President of the Board of Directors, and DHC Marco Tardelli, International President of FHC, were present. There were also diplomats and business representatives from the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Colombia, and Mexico.

In this ceremony, the Foundation’s presenters agreed to express the winner’s vital contribution to promoting Mexican culture and business in Latin America, particularly in the Netherlands, in addition to entrusting the liberty bell “symbol of Mexicans living abroad.”

It will be a privilege to represent Mexico and Latin America in the promotion of national and international business “United for a Better World.”

My heartfelt thanks to the FHC for believing in me and awarding me this significant international recognition, as well as to the people who have been the driving force, Hector Pérez, president of the Enlazadot company, for the interview on Women’s Day, Dr Sosa Chavez, psychologist and reporter, for her article published in the Guadalajara newspaper and to the press media for their publications.

My family, friends, follower and the ProtocolToday team.

 Thank you very much!

Entevista por Enlazadot

Video entrevista por Enlazado

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My deepest thanks to all the people who have made an impact on protocoltoday
 www.protocoltoday.nl

THE IMPORTANCE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DIPLOMACY IN AFRICA

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence is important not only for developed countries but also for developing countries, including Africa. While the African continent has seen several innovative applications of Artificial Intelligence, more can be done to ensure access to information and knowledge via AI. While AI development has a long history of excitement followed by long disappointment, we are currently in the midst of an unprecedented period of technological innovation across multiple sectors, which is driving the growth of AI. The increase in digitised data in the global economy is one of the two critical factors driving this growth. Africa is already playing a key role in developing AI systems, which necessitate the use and availability of natural resources, labour, and skills across the continent.

Artificial Intelligence advancements in technology in Africa’s Digital diplomacy era

African countries have spent the last decade negotiating better export trading conditions using traditional diplomatic tools. However, the new global trading system is changing the very nature of diplomacy. Traditional approaches based on the concept of sovereign equity are giving way to more sophisticated approaches influenced by countries’ scientific and technological competence levels. This manifests itself in two ways. First, African countries’ ability to wield greater influence in the global arena will be determined by their economic strength, which is linked to their ability to use technological innovation for global competitiveness effectively. South Africa is the continent’s leader in AI adoption, thanks to a robust ecosystem that includes numerous technology hubs, research groups, and forums such as the AI Summit, which is sponsored by multinational corporations such as Intel, Salesforce, Amazon, and IBM, and Singularity University’s South Africa Summit. South Africa has over a hundred companies integrating AI solutions into their operations or developing new solutions using AI.

At least three major areas of technological innovation are reshaping international relations. First, greater international technical cooperation will be required to meet Africa’s human needs, such as adequate nutrition and health care. Similarly, Africa will need to strengthen its capacity for innovation to participate more effectively in the global economy. Although better raw material trading arrangements can help in the short term, long-term strategic technology alliances will offer the continent a viable way out of the raw materials commodity trap. Finally, addressing ecological challenges, such as the projected effects of climate change, will necessitate long-term technological collaboration with other countries. The recent agreement between the United States and Brazil to share ethanol technology to reduce reliance on oil demonstrates how urgent global challenges are redefining diplomatic relations.

AI in Security and Defence

Throughout history, warfare has changed due to the introduction and innovative use of new military technology. In the military and defence realms, AI is frequently discussed regarding lethal autonomous weapons, or “killer robots.” However, AI can enable and support a wide range of military functions, from logistics to autonomous weapons, cyber warfare, and disinformation. It consists of offensive and defensive systems and frontline and support systems. If we are interested in using AI as a tool for diplomacy, we must first define what diplomats do. One method is to examine the functions of diplomacy. The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations defines diplomacy as gathering information, communication, representation, negotiation, and promotion of friendly relations. Artificial intelligence in diplomacy will play several roles in state recognition, making it a powerful tool for promoting relations between newly formed and established states. Within the African continent, Eritrea and South Sudan are examples of once-aspiring states that have achieved international recognition and recognition after successfully seceding from their host states. The two countries are opposed: the former gained statehood and recognition when digital diplomacy was non-existent, while the latter did so when it was well-established. Leading officials in South Sudan are known to have widely mobilised diplomatic support from regional states and the international community through digital technologies to gain statehood and recognition. As a result of digital technologies, social media has earned a central role in the projection, dissemination, and replication of information in the diplomatic arena. Diplomats worldwide used social media following South Sudan’s referendum to spread their speeches, announce public appearances, and share messages of congratulations for South Sudan’s referendum and independence.

The impact of AI in diplomacy, particularly in Africa, will result in a new or newly confirmed status in the relations between the states involved, joint or unilateral concerted action, the failure of negotiations, or their transfer to another temporal, geographical, or institutional framework. Failure may result in the use of military or non-military means of coercion. As defined in Chapter VI of the UN Charter, diplomatic negotiations aim to resolve conflicts without resorting to coercive measures. African governments should prioritise adopting AI solutions that help achieve national development goals and contribute to prosperous and inclusive societies. Policy responses to AI are emerging across the African continent, with Egypt, Mauritius, and Rwanda being the first to publish national AI strategies.

Conclusion

Local African actors are becoming more active in AI innovation, capacity building, and knowledge creation. This is brought on by increased computational power and an increase in funding for AI as part of a more significant increase in funding for start-ups. Despite this growth, African businesses are finding it difficult to develop suitable and alluring use cases that investors will fund with a reasonable degree of certainty that they will make a profit. However, foreign technology and AI companies continue to dominate the African market, which may not always support the achievement of national development priorities (such as those outlined in the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals). Worse, they amplify exclusion and oppression of specific groups, particularly women. African policymakers must prioritise the development of local AI capabilities and capacities that can be used to propel inclusive economic growth and social transformation. This prioritisation necessitates AI policies that build on national digital agendas and emphasise equitable access to digital, data, and computing infrastructure.

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Writer by Eric Muhia, Co-editor in English language, Author of VIP Special Edition and specialised writer 

13  September 2022, Kenya

Category: Diplomacy 

Reference: EM13092022D    

“Somos una empresa de desarrollo de capacidades que conecta valores, culturas, organizaciones, individuos y sociedades en todo el mundo”

THE VALUE OF CULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN PUBLIC SPEAKING

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

Public speaking is serious business for politicians.

Where did it go wrong for President Macron and former immigration minister Peter Dutton?

The Advertiser stated in September 2015, while attending the Pacific Island Forum hosted by Papua New Guinea, “Noting that a meeting to discuss refugee resettlement was running a little late.” Mr Dutton joked that it was on “Cape York time,” to which Prime Minister Abbott responded, “We had a little of that up in Port Moresby.” A media blunder.

In May 2018, French President Emmanuel Macron called Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull’s wife “delicious.” Unfortunately, the two leaders’ conversation was lost in translation. Delicieux can also mean delightful in French. It’s worth noting that the Australian and French media outlets addressed this media blunder in very different ways. According to France 24, “Australia’s prime minister said on Thursday that his wife was ‘flattered and charmed’ to be described as ‘delicious’ by President Emmanuel Macron, a compliment that has sparked lighthearted speculation during the French leader’s first official visit.” The full-page cover of the Sydney-based Daily Telegraph featured Macron’s head superimposed with the French-inspired lothario comic ‘Pepe le Pew.’ The two opposing views on the French president resulting from one speech gaffe are intriguing.

Speaking to the media, at events, and in other capacities is part of the job of a CEO, minister, or governor. Leaders in government or business receive intensive training to represent their organisations, specialising in different types of communication and interacting with the media. Delivering key messages, anticipating questions, crisis management, learning to be in control, body language, video production, answering questions diplomatically, and avoiding common pitfalls such as journalist tricks and hard-hitting questions are all part of training. It only takes one lousy interview to ruin your reputation. Did the leaders’ reputations suffer as a result of their mistakes? No, they all reacted quickly, thanks to their media training. Perhaps some etiquette awareness training would have prevented the headlines. Did Macron’s team conduct cultural research on Australian culture and check for translational issues?

Could the former Australian ministers have used cultural awareness as a guide and remembered Ronald Reagan’s fate with a microphone in the 1980 election debate? Yes, the answer is unequivocal.

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References: 

https://www.france24.com/en/20180503-australia-first-lady-lucy-turnbull-flattered-macron-delicious-faux-pas   

https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/business/breaking-news/dutton-faux-pas-offends-islanders/news-story/12ed0f87b7c45dcebeb92e671551048d

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Writer by Elizabeth Soos, specialist in Etiquette

31 August 2022, Australia

Category: Cultural Intelligence 

Reference: ES310822CI    

“Somos una empresa de desarrollo de capacidades que conecta valores, culturas, organizaciones, individuos y sociedades en todo el mundo”

LATINO COMMUNITIES ARE PROTAGONISTS OF THE HISTORY OF PEOPLES

The countries that make up the vast Spanish-speaking continent contribute uniquely through a mosaic of identities in their shared history, values ​​and customs. Argentina is one of those open-door countries with a dynamic, inclusive engine for those who have chosen to inhabit it.

Let us bear in mind that immigration is not synonymous with a phenomenon rooted in a historical past but rather a current dynamic process typical of an open-door society that understands it as a fundamental engine for its development and of a multipolar world in which we live people are looking for better opportunities.

General Deheza, an active, agro-industrialized city with strong ingrained values, is the geographical space of the interior of Argentina that can give examples of what is expressed in this article.

It is a city founded in 1893, initially called Colonia La Agrícola, inhabited by a handful of Creoles and natives willing to see it grow according to the possibilities of the time. Appointed as a municipality on January 21, 1929, it knew how to take its first steps with a renewed air, thanks to the European immigration that the Second World War imposed on them, forcing them to give up their lands and, in some cases, never return.

Today, converted into a city in total growth, with the experience to the surface and the years that guarantee it as a pioneer in agro-industrial activities, it can express that currently in its local soil. In addition, different Spanish-speaking communities have joined jointly and with a strong bond of brotherhood, which, together with their native Dehezinos and European immigrants, make up a thriving town in total development.

Peru, Chile, Brazil, Bolivia, Mexico, Paraguay, Colombia, the Dominican Republic and Uruguay are direct participants in each achievement obtained at a social level in our small dehezine homeland.

Union makes strength, embodied every February of each year in the staging of our Provincial Festival of the Collectivities. This festive space allows the inhabitants of Dehez to express gratitude to each Latino immigrant for their valuable cultural and generational contribution.

We must maintain that firm conviction of reaching out to our Latino brothers who are perhaps going through a delicate moment or are just looking for a new horizon for their personal growth.

Today we are participants in a cultural change that involves us all, which also requires communities to be encouraged to renew themselves. That is, knowing that they are also protagonists of our time, as they have been throughout history. It is a beautiful challenge to continue travelling together on the path of encounter in diversity, stimulating dialogue and sowing the seed of harmony to achieve the union of all as brothers.

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Writer by Gustavo Rafael Caballero, Journalist, Broadcaster, and Specialist in Ceremonial and Protocol.

05 Julio 2022, Argentina 

Category: Cultural Intelligence 

Reference: GC05072022CI  

“Somos una empresa de desarrollo de capacidades que conecta valores, culturas, organizaciones, individuos y sociedades en todo el mundo”

PROTOCOL IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF COMPANIES PART I

The respect and interest we show for the customs of a foreign country can become the easiest way to reach a good agreement. The protocol in companies is essential for commercial relations with foreign companies and officials, so the points to be considered within a business trip to another country by the senior managers of a corporation will be exposed in this article.

The success of commercial transactions depends to a greater extent on the ability to adapt and respect the original customs of the business people with whom we will meet. Therefore, the following points will be analyzed, which are vital for the interrelation with other cultures in the field of the company and the business:

The company, understand who we are as a company, and know the mission, vision, and values of the corporation to visit.

Nature of the trip, it is essential to know the purpose of the trip, if it is to close an agreement, exchange knowledge, a courtesy visit, etc. Depending on this information, we will proceed to organize the trip.

Initial budget: It is necessary to consider the initial budget available for the organization’s development and execution of the trip to avoid overdrawing or having a tight budget.

Date and duration of the trip, knowing the dates and space of the trip are of great importance to set the budget, activities, procedures, necessary documentation, logistics, and recommendations of the expedition of senior managers.

Calendar of holidays, knowing the holidays or non-working days in the city where the meetings or activities are held will allow you to go on working or not working days so that time will not be wasted and the hours that the stay lasts will be maximized.

People who travel and how many members the expedition will have it’s other valuable points when working on the preparations for the business trip, to obtain budgets, hotel reservations, the purchase of plane tickets, the number of meetings, etc.

Necessary documentation, for every trip, it is important to see the papers and documents that will need to be presented in the city where the event takes place. In addition to the COVID biosecurity protocols for entering a new country.

Knowing what procedures to carry out and executing them in advance will prevent you from having a wrong time or unnecessary anguish in the fight against the clock to complete any procedure.

Insurance and coverage, it is better to have insurance than to lack one; therefore, it should be considered which insurance and coverage are best suited to the travel times, the destination, and the passengers of the expedition.

Accommodation: The Hotel must be appropriate to the image we intend to give, be strategically located, easily accessible and have the necessary services to hold meetings and gatherings.

The Hotel must have a privileged location and be close to several restaurants and facilities.

A booklet with hotel information must be provided to managers, which must have the following information: Hotel name, address, telephone number, room number, and type of room. Also, provide a hotel location map.

In addition, information will be provided to the Hotel if the company directors have food intolerances or special diets for adequate attention to senior officials.

Agenda, each manager will be given a folder in the central office that will contain the detailed program of the business trip, a cultural dossier with information about the city, and a booklet with contact numbers for the emergency meetings. In addition to this, the number of the head of the company’s Protocol cabinet will be provided, where they can contact the company if it’s necessary.

The itinerary is the detailed set of activities carried out during the expedition’s stay.

All these points mentioned are helpful in the field of business protocol. Corporate behavior codes reinforce the company’s image.

Adaptation, respect, and interest in the customs of the interlocutors can achieve a good agreement.

In the second part of this article, relevant issues will be addressed when developing the trip and using the protocol in business management.

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Writer by Jorge Prado, Specialist in Protocol and Events

18 June 2022, Peru

Category: Business Protocol 

Reference: JP18062022BP

Photography: Eva Darron    

“Somos una empresa de desarrollo de capacidades que conecta valores, culturas, organizaciones, individuos y sociedades en todo el mundo”

DIASPORA AS A NEW TOOL IN DIPLOMACY

For a long time, diplomacy has been changing and evolving. Diplomacy has become more visible, and new diplomacy and diplomatic tools have emerged. The number of actors has grown. The emergence of new technologies, such as social media has also changed how diplomacy is conducted. Diaspora, on the other hand, is a much less discussed diplomatic tool. A country’s Diaspora can also be used to conduct diplomacy. “Both ‘diaspora’ and ‘diplomacy’ are concepts that have grown in popularity in recent years, indicating a shift away from viewing Diaspora as a descriptive category and diplomacy as the practice of state officials, respectively.

Diaspora diplomacy is a relatively new term that has gained currency at a time when cultivating external relations is a multifaceted process with many participants. Diaspora diplomacy is influencing and negotiating between nations by utilizing a country’s Diaspora to advance the home country’s interests.

Importance of Diaspora Diplomacy.

It promotes cross-border trade by acting as a middleman, providing market information and consumer preferences in both the host and origin countries. Diasporas have contributed to the development of their home countries by sending remittances and managing businesses in the latter. The Diaspora contributes to poverty alleviation at the household level through remittances sent to relatives. Diasporas promote their homeland’s image and culture. As a result, they serve as a tool for displaying a country’s soft power. Soft power is the ability to influence others to achieve desired results through attraction rather than coercion or the use of force.

Limitations

Most of the Diaspora migrates to other countries in search of better opportunities. A country’s diasporic community may be too small to make a difference. Diaspora diplomacy stems from the fact that Diasporas may be unwilling to engage with their home country and its government due to their critical view of their home country and its government. As a result, Diasporas may express their dissatisfaction loudly, negatively impacting the country’s image.

Diaspora Diplomacy Approaches in Foreign Policy

Diasporas frequently agree with their country of origin’s policies on foreign policy issues confronting the homeland and mobilize to support such policies. The collaboration between Jewish Americans and the Israeli government regarding Israel’s security is an example of diaspora-country cooperation. Foreign policy disagreements between homelands and diasporas have previously occurred between the government of Ireland and Irish Americans regarding Northern Ireland or between the government of Armenia and Armenian Americans regarding Turkey’s recognition of the Armenian genocide as a condition for normalized relations between Turkey and Armenia.

Governments should take a facilitative rather than an implementing role. Knowledge sharing and network access are two of the most significant benefits a country can obtain through Diaspora Diplomacy. New diplomacy initiatives alone will not result in successful diaspora diplomacy if foreign ministries do not adopt a new diplomacy mindset. Governments should prioritize communication, cooperation, and fostering an open, flexible, and transparent culture.

Diaspora Diplomacy in Cultural Exchange

The Diaspora’s role in cultural exchange, international affairs, and economic development is now well established. What is new is the growing proliferation of national strategies for actively leveraging them for public diplomacy. Diaspora communities have long relied on networks to maintain cultural and economic ties, but networks are also essential to the Diaspora’s role in public diplomacy. The concept of diaspora networks as an extension of a country’s hard (economic) and soft (cultural) power is now widely accepted. For centuries, diasporas have served as an extension of national prestige (or decline). Much thought has gone into the economic productivity of migrants and the role of remittances in maintaining cultural ties and assisting development.

Ireland

When it comes to diaspora diplomacy and diaspora strategy, Ireland is a forerunner. Ireland has launched several unique and innovative initiatives. However, as stated in the DFA’s official Diaspora Policy communication, there is still much to learn from the Diaspora and other countries. As a result, they are willing to learn from others and share their knowledge and experiences. They acknowledge that the DFA and the Irish Abroad Unit (the DFA’s specialized unit for diaspora matters, hereafter IAU) do not have a monopoly on this knowledge but that it is shared by Irish universities, NGOs, and private individuals. As a result, they believe that all these players must communicate and collaborate to broaden their knowledge on the subject. Finally, the DFA states that they will “support efforts to use Ireland as a hub for research into the potential and reach of diasporas, as well as the practical application of such research.”

Greece

There has been almost no research on Greek diaspora diplomacy. Research on the Greek Diaspora is available, but not from an IR perspective. The only study on diaspora diplomacy found in the Ministry’s library dates to 1996 and focuses on the success of the Greek Diaspora in lobbying the American government. The fleeing of Greeks after the fall of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) to the Ottomans is one of the most notable historical moments for using the term Greek diaspora. Currently, the General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad seeks to support the Diaspora’s interests and expectations while strengthening ties between the Diaspora and the homeland. GSGA’s goals include assisting the Diaspora in preserving national and cultural identity, as well as history, culture, and religion; promoting Greek culture through time; strengthening Greek networks abroad that can bridge friendship and cooperation between Greece and the other diaspora host countries; supporting Greek national interests abroad; providing for Greek schools, youth welcoming programs at home, and the use of new technologies; and funding and sustaining the operation of GSGA.

Conclusion

Ph.D. scholars can understand the social consequences of the Diaspora’s split existence by situating Diaspora in global social fields that connect their places of origin and destination. Investigating the complex web of diplomatic, economic, social, political, and emotional transnational diaspora relations and ties can ultimately advance the study and policy making in diaspora diplomacy.

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Writer by Eric Muhia, International Studies, and Diplomacy Graduate Student and Young Diplomat

17 June 2022, Kenya 

Category: Diplomacy 

Reference: EM17052022D

“Somos una empresa de desarrollo de capacidades que conecta valores, culturas, organizaciones, individuos y sociedades en todo el mundo”

GIFT GIVING AND DOING BUSINESS IN CHINA

DOING BUSINESS IN CHINA I

DOING BUSINESS IN CHINA II

GIFTS

Giving gifts is part of ancient Chinese culture; offering them is a sign of courtesy and good manners, although this custom was only in the private sphere. In the government sphere, gifts are illegal to avoid possible bribes, and there is some circumstantial flexibility in the business and political spheres.

Although this consideration of bribery is no longer widespread, it is possible for someone to refuse a gift (even out of habit, as will be explained later) or to be unwelcome. Some people or groups will not change or adapt to certain changes.

A banquet is the most acceptable if you want to make a gift. An excellent way to give away is an invitation to eat; Generally, this invitation is a form of welcoming. If we are invited to a meal, we must reciprocate our hosts by inviting them to a similar one. This way of reciprocating is a way of following Chinese protocol and being polite in responding to their attention.

Otherwise, we must bear in mind that Western-type gifts are highly appreciated, and more so those that have to do with some traditional or typical gift from the country of origin; that is to say, the best accepted to give to a company are the crafts of our country and the books that speak of the customs, history or geography of the same; (or the region or area from which we come). Additionally, it requires a clear message regarding the type and company we represent. Nothing to give doubts. If in addition to making the gift, we can explain its meaning, which is much better for them. In this way, they find a more excellent justification for it.

Among the most recommended gifts to make on our visit to China, we can indicate the following:

  • If you live in Europe, Cognac or French brandy, whiskey, or any liquor typical of the country;
  • Quality fountain pens or ballpoint pens;
  • Lighters and cigars;
  • Desk accessories, such as calculators or other small electronics for the office;
  • Books of History, Folklore, or Art (better if they refer to our country);
  • Small framed paintings and small sculptures;
  • On certain occasions, a seal could be part of the Chinese hobby;
  • The ginseng is a detail that they appreciate. Above all, if the country of cultivation is our country of origin.

Among the gifts that are not recommended, we can mention:

  • Nothing to do with coins or cash;
  • Cheese is not usually in their diet and, therefore, not a treat they appreciate. It is not a food that they like very much;
  • Wine is also not a very appropriate gift for reasons similar to the previous one;
  • Giving them a basket of fruit means poverty. Even if you have a good friendship, fruit is not a good gift;
  • Just as 4 is a number related to death, the number 40 should not be referred to, and therefore, nothing related to these numbers should be given away;
  • Do not give anything in green (a green shirt, a green hat, etc.). Any clothing that is green means to them that someone in the family has committed adultery;
  • It is discouraged to give watches if the recipient is older. It is a hint that he has little time left to live. The word “clock” implies death, burial, or funeral;
  • Other gifts associated with death or funeral themes are straw sandals and handkerchiefs;
  • Scissors, knives, paper knives, and any other cutting object could insinuate the cutting of relationships or friendships;

There are significant differences between negotiating with private companies or doing it with official organizations and entities. The first ones are much more receptive to changes and adapt better to novelty. In both cases, if we are going to give away, we must do it with enough discretion. The Chinese usually reject the gift at first and can reject it up to three times, but if you insist (because they do it out of courtesy, not to seem eager to receive something), they will end up accepting. Once they accept our gift, they will visibly show their gratitude. In return, it is easy for them to want to reciprocate with another gift. If they do, also out of courtesy, we will have to do a “ritual” similar to the one they do; reject it at first, and accept it after a second or third offer.

We also have to differentiate institutional gifts from individual gifts. Suppose the gift is institutional, from company to company. In that case, it is likely that, for the Chinese, there should be something for everyone, and gifts should not be given only to some of the components of the representation. When gifts are given to an entire group, a negotiation team, or a specific delegation, we will not distinguish between them. Everyone should receive the same type of gift.

If we wish to give a gift to a specific person, it should not involve a personal level, and we will do it in private with discretion, taking care not to inconvenience the rest of the staff. A single general gift for the entire representation must be given in the presence of all. The best thing would be to give it personally at the company’s facilities; the highest-ranking boss or executive; to the highest-level representative of the delegation or leader of the negotiating group with whom we have contact since they have a fairly rigid hierarchical scheme and it would be incorrect to give it to a person of lower status. It is shown to everyone, even if it is only given to the representative or spokesperson. On the other hand, it is better to ensure that we bring enough gifts to reciprocate surprise attention for our visit.

Likewise, if we need to improve the relationship with a delegation, it is allowed to give a small gift to each one, in the order in which they were presented to us. Remember that China’s precedence is very important and deserves much attention.

Gifts are given with both hands and received in the same way, as a ritual that represents an “offering.”

Although it is a custom in the West, photographs of the gifts should not be taken, not even as a souvenir. No photos are taken of the facilities (at least without asking permission). If a gift is given at a general level for the entire representation or company and you want to immortalize the moment, we can do it if the hosts grant permission.

Another recommendation, perhaps the most important, is never to give a gift of great value because it would embarrass the recipient. It always has to be of a moderate value. The reason? There is an order of reciprocity, implying that we force the other party to make the same monetary effort. Usually, an expensive gift will be considered offensive by our eastern counterparts.

Starting by giving away things of value is a significant misstep; Initially, small details are given away. When the negotiations have concluded and a good business relationship has been established, we can think about making some corporate gift of some value.

Another consideration: when going through customs, Chinese officials tend to carefully check all the packages that we try to introduce into the country, especially those that contain food, and they do so with considerable curiosity. If they ask: What is this? or how does this work? We must give as detailed an explanation as possible. They like these explanations.

Small objects almost never cause problems; however, objects of great value could be taken as contraband.

Likewise, wrapping the gift before arriving in China is not recommended, as we will surely have to open it at customs control. We will likely have to unwrap them to display their content. If you have to take the gifts packaged, make it an easy-to-open package. After passing the appropriate inspections, we will do the good packaging at the hotel.

And, in relation to the wrapping, it is as important as the gift. On the one hand, it shows the interest we have placed in it; on the other, the color can give the wrong message. You have to avoid black, white, or blue representing death.

The best color to wrap the gift will be red, which is the favorite and represents luck. Other colors safe from special connotations are pink and gold. If the wrapper is yellow with black letters, it also means something related to funerals and death. However, the colors may have a slightly different meaning depending on our location. With the rest of the colors, you have to be very careful because, in China, most colors have a special meaning.

One of the best options to avoid trouble is to have the gifts wrapped in a store or a hotel unit.

In addition, there are certain superstitions about numbers. A gift with the number eight (eight flowers, eight cups, eight saucers, etc.) symbolizes good luck. For them, the number 6 is the number of concords, which helps solve problems or setbacks and smooth out tense situations. In addition to 4, other prohibited numbers are 73, which means funeral, and 84, which means misfortune, prone to accidents. If you have any doubts about a number, it would be wise to ask to avoid any compromising situation.

As the Japanese (by the way, better not to talk about them, it is not uncommon for them to have a special dislike for them), the Chinese do not open gifts when they are received. Most gifts are not opened in the presence of the giver. They have a habit of opening them in private. However, many business people and executives who know Western customs could open them in our presence as a courtesy.

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Writer by Claudia STOHMANN R. de A. Communicator, speaker, writer, etiquette, and protocol expert. 

16 June 2022, Bolivia 

Category: Business Etiquette 

Reference: CS16062022BE    

“Somos una empresa de desarrollo de capacidades que conecta valores, culturas, organizaciones, individuos y sociedades en todo el mundo”

INTOLERANCE: A WAY OF LIFE?

Intolerance is a synonym for sectarianism, obstinacy, and stubbornness. Because it reveals severe emotional deficiencies, we adapt to living with that wrong way of proceeding. This is, without a doubt, another example of the apathy that characterizes us so much.

We live in a social context that promotes poor development and poor performance. Worse, we accept the intense atmosphere of intolerance that affects human relationships with resignation and bemusement. I am concerned about how quickly it spreads and disrupts our quality of life in the most diverse scenarios. It’s in our blood.

I could go on and on about the numerous everyday situations that indicate growing intolerance. Our ability to understand and accept others is deteriorating. We are in a process that is threatening our survival. However, we are doing little or nothing to change this abrasive environment. We are all part of a vicious circle that no longer deserves to be broken.

We see it in heated arguments between couples or between parents and children, where the arrogance of the highest authority imposes its determination; in companies where the boss considers himself the absolute owner of the truth and refuses to admit discrepancies; in political events, where the inability to cohabit with the adversary is undeniable; and even in supermarket queues. The brand new “stress” that we all claim to be victims of is the ideal ruse to justify our lack of deference.

It is simple to understand the vicious cycle caused by intolerance. It is related to a lack of emotional intelligence, making it easier to understand others’ feelings, cope with work pressures and frustrations, and enhance our ability to work as a team and adopt an empathic attitude. This fusion of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence translates into a broad understanding of one’s emotions. It paves the way for stress management and problem-solving in this way.

It is also associated with a lack of openness. The eagerness to consider ourselves “owners of the truth,” regardless of gender, age, or social status, indicates a high level of intolerance. The lack of a democratic vocation influences this nefarious act to accept the thoughts and options of others as valid. It is inextricably linked to empathy deprivation, the extraordinary ability to put ourselves in our interlocutor’s “shoes” to understand him despite our differences. Knowledge and the internalization of social skills are promoted in this manner, making it an important tool in combating intolerance.

It is inconvenient for some people to develop this faculty because it would force them to assume a comprehensive response in situations where it is easier to respond with aggression, alteration, and obfuscation. At the same time, angry behavior instills fear in others. Some people, orphans of self-control, seek this as a defensive mechanism to avoid being subjected to the critical scrutiny of their surroundings. It is common among parents, officials, teachers, and others. An honest examination of human behavior demonstrates this.

In this regard, I would like to reiterate what I said in my article “Tolerance in Etiquette”: “… though it is difficult for us to admit it, we should recognize that we are part of a community where understanding and benevolence are not incorporated into our daily conduct.” We can confirm this by attending a social gathering and observing the behavior of ladies and gentlemen during conversations about emotional or contentious issues such as politics, sports, etc. We see it in the press media, which ostensibly has transparency, objectivity, and serenity to guide citizen opinion.

Intolerance harms our rational condition, impedes social coexistence, sharpens existing conflicts, and exposes our primitive performance. From my perspective, it’s like the tip of an “iceberg,” revealing the extent of our internal narrowness. It is unfortunate to confirm humanity’s inability to consider others and incorporate understanding, consent, good manners, urbanity, courtesy, and plurality as elements to make life viable and peaceful.

Finally, I recommend it with a reflective spirit and the hope of committing ourselves to the well-versed words of Mahatma Gandhi, the lucid pacifist, thinker, and leader of India’s independence: “I dislike the word tolerance, but I cannot think of a better alternative. Love compels us to have the same regard for the faith of others that we have for our own “.

http://wperezruiz.blogspot.com/

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Writer by Wilfredo Peréz Ruiz, an expert in Etiquette and Protocol

15 June 2022, Peru

Category: Business Éthics

Reference: WP15062022BE

Photography: Antonio Janeski 

Review by Eric Muhia, co-editor of the English language 

THE ART OF COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS

With the high usage of our mobile devices and other forms of media communication, people are shredding their common everyday skills of face-to-face interactions. Some people have difficulties when faced with the task of mingling in a crowd of unfamiliar and sometimes familiar acquaintances. We’d rather send a text message to someone in the same room than hold a personal conversation or avoid communication altogether. 

Good communication skills are still a vital part of our everyday interactions. A good Conversationalist can talk to anyone about anything in a laid-back, casual manner that sets people at ease. They can make a stranger feel like they have known them for years. Some people have a natural “sliver-tongue.” Being prepared with good communication skills will boost your chat in ways that make you a valued party guest or set you apart at a networking event, company functions, or a simple social gathering. For starters, listen more than you talk.

Ironically enough, the key to being a great conversationalist is not in the talking but in the listening. If you are conversing with someone and doing all the talking, you are probably the only one interested in what you say. Listen to what others have to say and listen well. This will also lead to questions you can ask to progress the conversations further. When asking questions, ask open-ended questions. Open-ended questions encourage the respondent to elaborate or provide details in their response. Closed-ended questions with a simple yes or no reply will ultimately send the entire conversation on a downward spiraling dead-end. 

Avoid political and religious topics unless you are attending your political party’s convention or a familiar religious function. Both of these areas deal with personal matters for many people and are not good for light conversations in mixed gatherings. They can sour a mood quickly. Also, keep in mind not to ask questions that are too personal or insulting. You want to make friends, not enemies. 

Take your turn. Whether the conversation is with one person or several, join in. A conversation is a group project with each person playing a part. Don’t just stand around like an eavesdropper. 

Contribute to the conversation. This is prime time to ask open-ended questions if you have nothing to add. On the other hand, don’t overshare or monopolize. It’s not a monologue. 

Everyone should contribute. When you add to the conversation, avoid talking or directing your conversation to only one person. Make eye contact with others in the group. Be careful not to interrupt others. 

Don’t be a Debbie or Donnie Downer. No one wants to engage in a conversation with someone who has nothing but negative comments about everything. People will exit your presence fast! It’s the quickest way to find yourself alone without anyone to engage with. Try to find the positive in the conversation and respond to that. 

Don’t engage in “one-upping.” So, what is one-upping? That is when you try to top someone else’s story. If you have a good story to share, find a way without making the other person feel their story was of no value. Not only is one-upping petty, but it’s also very rude. You may have a terrific story to tell but reconsider at the risk of deflating someone else’s balloon.

Think before you speak. Most foot-in-mount moments occur because of a failure to think before speaking. You never want to be offensive, and you don’t want to embarrass yourself or others. Be careful what you say. You never know who’s listening, nor do you know who others know. 

Be prepared with what to say and not say. Before you attend your event, think of some general topics and questions that will be of interest to anyone. “One of the easiest ways to start a conversation or stay in touch always offers value.” (Kesha Kent, Networking Is Your Superpower). Most of all, be friendly and confident. This will help you to be a savvy conversationalist. 

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Writer by Renita Jackson, Etiquette Specialist

14  June 2022, USA 

Category: Business Etiquette 

Reference: RJ14062022BE    

“Somos una empresa de desarrollo de capacidades que conecta valores, culturas, organizaciones, individuos y sociedades en todo el mundo”