CHILE: IN SEARCH OF AN INTERNATIONAL INSERTION FROM THE REGIONS

A country with striking geographical contrasts from the Atacama Desert to majestic Patagonia, Chile stands out for its rich history and ever-growing economy.

Despite these achievements, the international insertion of its territories has been, to a certain extent, an underdeveloped factor in the country. This article will explore how Chile, particularly the Los Ríos Region – one of the country’s 16 – is entering a world where borders no longer represent limitations. To fully understand the context in which this international insertion is taking place, it is essential to delve into Chile’s idiosyncrasies. Located in the southwestern region of South America, Chile is home to a diverse population ranging from metropolises to indigenous communities rooted in their ancestral traditions. Chile is renowned for its political and economic stability in the region, making it an attractive destination for foreign investment. Martínez (2020) points out, “Chile’s cultural diversity and political stability make it a unique meeting point for diverse political traditions and practices in South America.” 

Paradiplomacy, a concept of international activities carried out by subnational entities such as regions or cities, has become a powerful tool in the globalized world and is gaining increasing relevance. Although para diplomacy in Chile has yet to reach its full potential, it is constantly evolving thanks to the territories’ efforts. Rodríguez (2018) argues that “para diplomacy is an essential tool for subnational territories in the era of globalization, allowing them to have a stronger voice on the international stage.” Currently, Chilean regions are taking a proactive role by actively participating internationally. We focus on the Los Ríos Region, one of Chile’s 16 regions, characterized by its natural beauty with crystal clear rivers and lakes and its growing interest in international insertion. This region understands that cooperation and openness to the world are essential for sustainable development and long-term prosperity. 

On the road to international insertion, trust emerges as an invaluable asset and a solid foundation for international relations. Visits by international representatives from various nations play a crucial role in building this trust. When leaders and delegations from other countries visit the Los Rios Region, a tangible connection goes beyond formal protocols. These meetings are not simply ceremonial but opportunities to exchange knowledge, establish lasting business relationships and strengthen diplomatic ties that endure over time. Trust, once established, becomes the foundation on which strong business alliances and ongoing cooperation agreements are built. Foreign companies are more willing to invest in a region they trust, and the Los Rios Region has learned that building and maintaining this trust are worthwhile long-term investments. 

The internationalization of a region is not only limited to openness to the world but also to the ability to make the most of the opportunities that such openness offers. In the case of the Los Ríos Region, various actions have been implemented, which range from the promotion of local 

culture to the participation of its companies in high-level events to make the most of the opportunities that arise. González (2021) highlights that “the internationalization of regions not only opens doors to trade and investment but also fosters cultural and educational exchange vital for sustainable development.” The international insertion of the Chilean regions is not merely a development strategy but a declaration of intent. Chile positions itself as a proactive and reliable global player, sending a powerful message of openness and long-term commitment to the international community. 

Of course, this process of international insertion has its challenges. From managing diplomatic relations to promoting local identity in a globalized world, the Los Ríos Region faces obstacles and opportunities as it moves toward a future that is more interconnected with the world. Today, Chile has established itself as a prominent tourist destination in the heart of South America, attracting the attention of travellers worldwide. This attraction is due to the incomparable richness of its culture, exquisite gastronomy and impressive natural landscapes that delight the senses of some tourists. However, Chile’s success is not limited to tourism, as its economy has experienced steady and sustainable growth over the past decades, becoming an exemplary model for other countries in the region. 

The implementation of paradiplomacy, a concept that involves the active participation of different regions in a country’s foreign policy, has played a fundamental role in strengthening Chile’s image abroad. Despite centralist fears, the Los Ríos Region is a prominent example of this approach, as it has established strong alliances with sub-territories of various countries, including China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Spain, Brazil and Argentina. This effort has allowed the region to position itself as a territory that projects its presence to the world. 

Understanding that the relationship with other territories requires long-term management focused on sustainability and stability is essential. Continuous commitment, fostering cooperation, and promoting shared values are necessary to achieve these goals. In this way, Chile will not only be able to attract more travelers but also contribute significantly to the global stage through its regions committed to paradiplomacy. It is vital to remember that managing the relationship with other territories cannot be short-term, as this could negatively affect its sustainability and stability. Therefore, constant commitment and cooperation are needed to ensure the relationship’s success. Promoting shared values is also vital in this management, as this can strengthen relationships and foster collaboration. If Chile succeeds in cementing its position as a country committed to para-diplomacy, it will attract more travellers and contribute significantly to the global stage. 

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Written by Felipe Hernández, International affairs – CHILE

19 February 2024, Chile

Category: International Business

Reference: FH19022024IB

“Somos una empresa de desarrollo de capacidades que conecta valores, culturas, organizaciones, individuos y sociedades en todo el mundo”

NEW HORIZONS: MASTERING DIPLOMATIC INTRODUCTIONS  

The Times of India headline on 28th January 2024 screamed: “China’s Top Diplomat at Meeting with US Official Urges Washington Not to Support Taiwan Independence”. The news article explained that Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi and US national security adviser Jake Sullivan met in Thailand for high-level talks and previously in Malta and Vienna. No doubt, with the tensions brewing before the negotiations, diplomats from these countries would have made calls of introduction to each other as a matter of urgency to keep avenues open for talks in the future.  

In their 2014 work, researchers Sale and Neale underscored introductions’ role in initiating, developing, and sustaining relationships. They emphasised that practical communication skills are essential to creating relationships founded on mutual trust and respect. Their research delved into the significance of introductions as the initial step in building rapport and establishing connections.   

Sale and Neale said how you communicate when you first meet someone affects how your relationship will go later. They investigated how people introducing themselves can make others see them as trustworthy, likeable, and professional. Through study and analysis, they showed how critical introductions are for personal or professional relationships. Their findings provide valuable insights for individuals seeking to navigate social and professional landscapes with finesse and efficacy, highlighting the pivotal role of effective communication in creating meaningful connections.  

So, how can a diplomat in a new post make successful calls? The aim of making calls is to introduce yourself at the post. The greater your exposure to diverse individuals, the higher the probability of feeling at ease and achieving success in a fresh undertaking. What sort of calls can you expect to make?     

Expect three types of calls: official, office, and social calls. Official calls are in-person meetings hosted at an embassy or residence, where a formal invitation is sent.

Office visits remain the primary method for employees to meet their new colleagues.

Social or informal calls can be hosted at home or out. Invitations are made via phone calls or invitations. In both instances, an exchange of business cards is advised. While social calls to homes are still observed in some locations, informal social events, phone communications, and invitations have become more prevalent for initial introductions.  

If your role involves interactions with the host country’s government or its residents, scheduling appointments for meetings in their offices is advisable. It’s common practice for chiefs of missions to conduct office visits to counterparts from other foreign missions, adhering to diplomatic precedence. By local practices, your spouse may accompany you to either one social or official call, if not your spouse, then a colleague.  

The Times of India underscore the critical importance of diplomatic introductions in building trust and respect. With tensions evident before the negotiations, diplomats from both countries likely engaged in introductory calls to establish rapport and maintain open avenues for future talks. Research by Sale and Neale also says how you introduce yourself can affect how people see you later. By understanding the impact of introductions on perceptions of credibility and professionalism, diplomats can navigate negotiations with finesse, hopefully leading to a smoother process and a favourable resolution.  

Please note: All countries may have varying mission customs. Consider consulting your country’s foreign affairs manual or seeking guidance from the protocol officer.  

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https://m.timesofindia.com/world/china/chinas-top-diplomat-at-meeting-with-us-official-urges-washington-not-to-support-taiwan-independence/articleshow/107195299.cms  

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Writer by Elizabeth Soos, specialist in etiquette

19 February 2024, Australia

Category: Business Protocol

Rerence: ES19022024BP

“Somos una empresa de desarrollo de capacidades que conecta valores, culturas, organizaciones, individuos y sociedades en todo el mundo”

BUSINESS DIPLOMACY IN SHAPING INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

The Synergy of Cheque Book Diplomacy and Business Diplomacy in Shaping International Relations.

Chequebook diplomacy is a form of diplomacy where a country uses its financial resources to gain influence or achieve its foreign policy objectives. It involves providing financial aid, investments, or loans to other countries in exchange for political support or favourable treatment. On the other hand, business diplomacy refers to using economic and commercial activities to foster diplomatic relations and achieve foreign policy goals. It involves leveraging trade agreements, investment opportunities, and business partnerships to strengthen ties between countries and promote mutual interests.

Importance of Cheque Book Diplomacy and Business Diplomacy in International Relations.

These diplomatic approaches are essential in international relations as they provide alternative avenues for countries to engage with each other beyond traditional political and military channels. Chequebook diplomacy allows nations to pursue their interests and influence global affairs through economic means, fostering cooperation and stability. On the other hand, business diplomacy facilitates building trust and understanding between nations through mutually beneficial economic exchanges, ultimately contributing to peaceful and prosperous international relations.  For example, a country may provide economic aid to developing nations in exchange for support at the United Nations or other international forums. This can help secure voting blocs and advance the country’s diplomatic agenda. Additionally, business diplomacy can be seen in multinational companies investing in emerging markets to expand their operations and contribute to the host country’s socioeconomic development, leading to enhanced diplomatic relations between nations.

Overview

Countries and businesses use these strategies to strengthen their global influence and achieve political and economic objectives. Countries can form partnerships with other nations by engaging in diplomatic negotiations and alliances, enabling them to collectively address global challenges and exert more significant influence on international decision-making processes. Similarly, businesses employ these strategies to establish strong relationships with foreign governments, fostering a favourable business environment for smooth operations and access to new markets. This mutually beneficial cooperation ultimately contributes to the overall diplomatic relations between nations and promotes stability in the global economy. By working together, governments and businesses can pool their resources and expertise to tackle climate change, terrorism, and economic inequality. This collaboration strengthens diplomatic ties and promotes stability by addressing the root causes of conflicts and promoting sustainable development. Furthermore, it allows for sharing best practices and innovations, leading to improved standards of living and increased prosperity for all involved. Ultimately, these efforts towards cooperation and diplomacy enhance the overall well-being of nations and individuals worldwide.

Examples of countries engaging in chequebook diplomacy include China and Taiwan. Taiwan’s diplomatic recognition is a contentious issue between China and Taiwan. Taiwan is a self-governing island that China considers a breakaway province that must be reunited with the mainland. Taiwan has diplomatic relations with only 15 countries worldwide, primarily small and developing nations in Africa, Latin America and the Pacific. Taiwan has used chequebook diplomacy to maintain or win diplomatic recognition from these countries by offering them economic aid, investment, scholarships, medical assistance, and other incentives. Taiwan’s chequebook diplomacy is seen as a way to assert its sovereignty and legitimacy and resist China’s pressure and isolation. This approach has allowed Taiwan to establish a network of allies supporting its global position. By aiding and incentivising, Taiwan has built strong relationships with these nations, which in turn helps strengthen its international standing. Additionally, this strategy serves as a means for Taiwan to counterbalance China’s efforts to isolate it and assert its independence diplomatically.

Motivations behind chequebook diplomacy

Chequebook diplomacy is motivated by various factors, depending on the country and the context. Some possible motivations are to gain political support or influence as it can be used to secure votes or endorsements from other countries on international issues, such as UN resolutions, human rights, trade agreements, etc. For example, China has used chequebook diplomacy to win support from African countries for its position on Taiwan, Tibet, Xinjiang and Hong Kong.

To gain access to natural resources or markets, chequebook diplomacy can secure contracts or concessions from other countries to explore, extract, or trade natural resources, such as oil, gas, minerals, etc. For example, Japan has used chequebook diplomacy to secure fishing rights and mineral exploration in the Pacific islands. This approach has sparked criticism, as some argue that chequebook diplomacy undermines the principles of fair competition and transparency in international relations. Additionally, it can create dependency among recipient countries, potentially compromising their sovereignty and decision-making autonomy.

To enhance security or stability, chequebook diplomacy can be used to build alliances or partnerships with other countries to strengthen regional or global security and stability. For example, the US has used chequebook diplomacy to support its allies and partners in the Middle East, such as Israel, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. This approach involves providing these countries with financial aid, military assistance, or economic incentives in exchange for cooperating or aligning with the US’s interests. By leveraging its economic resources, the US can strengthen its influence and presence in the region, ensuring a favourable geopolitical landscape. However, critics argue that this form of diplomacy can lead to an imbalance of power and perpetuate dependency on the donor country, potentially undermining local governance and hindering long-term development efforts.

How can business diplomacy influence the foreign policy of two countries?

In conclusion, business diplomacy significantly shapes two countries’ foreign policy by fostering mutual understanding and cooperation. Countries can build trust and establish common goals through economic partnerships and collaborations, positively influencing their diplomatic relations. Additionally, business diplomacy can encourage open dialogue and constructive engagement between nations, developing shared policies that address global challenges such as climate change or security threats. Some examples of successful business diplomacy initiatives include establishing free trade agreements, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or the European Union’s Single Market. These agreements have boosted economic growth and prosperity for participating countries and fostered closer diplomatic ties and cooperation. Another example is the formation of multinational corporations that operate across borders, bringing together diverse cultures and promoting understanding through business interactions. These multinational corporations, often referred to as global players, have not only brought economic benefits by creating job opportunities and increasing investment flows but have also played a significant role in promoting cultural exchange and understanding. By employing a diverse workforce from different nations, these corporations encourage collaboration and cooperation among individuals from various backgrounds, leading to a more inclusive and tolerant society. Moreover, the cross-border nature of their operations necessitates communication and negotiation skills, fostering a sense of mutual respect and appreciation for different perspectives.

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Wrote by Eric Muhia, International Studies and Diplomacy Graduate Student and Young Diplomat.

12th January 2024, Kenya

Category: Diplomacy

Reference: EM12012024D 

“Somos una empresa de desarrollo de capacidades que conecta valores, culturas, organizaciones, individuos y sociedades en todo el mundo”

MALTA AND SWITZERLAND: DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS

The bilateral relations between Switzerland and Malta are good and are becoming closer. Malta’s strategic location in the Mediterranean makes it a bridge between Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. Switzerland and Malta have a bilateral framework agreement as part of Switzerland’s second contribution to selected EU member states, which sets out the thematic priorities for collaboration. The Sovereign Order of Malta, a separate entity, has diplomatic activities closely linked to its humanitarian mission and has official relations with Switzerland, including a permanent mission in Geneva. This close relationship allows for regular exchanges and cooperation between the two countries in various areas, such as trade, culture, and humanitarian efforts. Additionally, Switzerland and Malta often work together within international organisations to address common challenges and promote regional peace and stability.

History of diplomatic relations between Switzerland and Malta

Shortly after Malta gained its independence in 1964, the Swiss ambassador in Rome was accredited by the Maltese government, marking the beginning of diplomatic relations between Switzerland and Malta. The Sovereign Order of Malta, a separate entity, has diplomatic activities closely linked to its humanitarian mission and has official relations with Switzerland. The diplomatic relations between Malta and the rest of the world, including Switzerland, have evolved since Malta sought relations with other countries, including those in Eastern Europe and the non-aligned countries, since 1971. For instance, in 1972, Malta established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, leading to the signing of various bilateral agreements and increased trade between the two nations. This example highlights Malta’s proactive approach to expanding its diplomatic ties beyond traditional Western allies, showcasing its efforts to foster relationships with countries outside its geographical proximity.

Current Diplomatic agreements between Switzerland and Malta

The current diplomatic agreements between Switzerland and Malta include the Bilateral Framework Agreement, part of Switzerland’s second contribution to selected EU member states. This agreement sets out the thematic priorities for collaboration. In addition, the Sovereign Order of Malta, a separate entity, has diplomatic relations with Switzerland. Furthermore, trade between Switzerland and Malta is modest, mainly involving the machinery, chemicals, and pharmaceutical industries. Switzerland and Malta also have a strong focus on cultural exchanges and tourism. Both countries recognise the importance of promoting their rich historical heritage and natural beauty to attract visitors worldwide.

Additionally, Switzerland and Malta cooperate with various international organisations, such as the United Nations, to address global challenges and promote peace and stability. For example, Switzerland and Malta collaborate on promoting their historical heritage through joint exhibitions and cultural events. On one such occasion, they organise a travelling exhibit showcasing the architectural marvels of Swiss chalets and Maltese palazzos, allowing visitors to appreciate the distinct cultural aspects of both countries. This collaboration strengthens their diplomatic relations and enhances cultural understanding between the two nations.

Key aspects of diplomatic relations

Diplo is an essential component of bilateral relations, a foundation established jointly in 2002 and co-financed by Switzerland that focuses on building political capacity in small states and developing countries. Diplo emerged from a project introducing information and communication technology (ICT) tools to diplomacy, initiated in 1992 at the Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies in Malta. Diplo also conducts research and analysis on the evolving landscape of diplomacy in the digital age and develops innovative digital tools for diplomacy and emerging technologies. In addition to its focus on political capacity building and using ICT tools in diplomacy, Diplo plays a crucial role in promoting digital literacy and inclusivity in diplomatic practices. By providing training programs and resources, Diplo empowers diplomats from small states and developing countries to navigate the digital landscape effectively and harness the potential of emerging technologies for diplomatic purposes. This comprehensive approach ensures that these countries are included in the rapidly evolving field of digital diplomacy.

The two countries’ non-permanent seats on the UN Security Council in 2023–24 also bolstered bilateral relations in multilateral policy. Malta and Switzerland are both non-permanent members of the UN Security Council for the term 2023–24. They were elected by the General Assembly on June 6, 2023, along with Japan, Mozambique, and the United Arab Emirates. Malta and Switzerland are committed to working with other Council members to promote multilateralism, human rights, humanitarian action, climate change, and peace and security. They have also highlighted their shared experience and expertise as small states and neutral countries and their contribution to diplomacy through initiatives such as Diplo and the Mediterranean Academy for Diplomatic Studies. Malta and Switzerland have emphasised their dedication to addressing global challenges through collaboration and dialogue. They aim to leverage their unique perspectives as small states and neutral countries to foster effective diplomacy and advance the United Nations’ goals. Additionally, both countries have underscored the importance of inclusivity and the active participation of all member states in decision-making processes for a more equitable and sustainable future.

Thematic priorities for collaboration in the bilateral framework agreement between Switzerland and Malta

The thematic priorities for collaboration in the Bilateral Framework Agreement between Switzerland and Malta include various areas such as economic cooperation, cooperation in education, research, and innovation, as well as Switzerland’s contribution to the enlarged EU.

Economic cooperation: This priority aims to enhance the competitiveness and productivity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Malta, especially in tourism, manufacturing, and digitalisation. Switzerland supports projects that provide training, mentoring, networking, and innovation opportunities for SMEs and improve the business environment and regulatory framework to attract foreign investment. Switzerland and Malta collaborate on joint research projects, exchange programs for students and researchers, and share best practices in innovation and technology transfer in education, research, and innovation. Switzerland’s contribution to the enlarged EU also includes financial support for infrastructure development projects in Malta, promoting sustainable growth and connectivity.

Cooperation in education, research, and innovation: This priority aims to foster the exchange of knowledge and skills between Switzerland and Malta and to promote research and innovation activities that address common challenges. Switzerland supports projects that facilitate academic and professional mobility, enhance the quality and relevance of vocational education and training, and strengthen Maltese institutions’ research and innovation capacities. For example, Switzerland may support a project in Malta that aims to improve the vocational education and training system by providing scholarships for Maltese students to study in Swiss vocational schools, thereby enhancing their skills and employability. Additionally, Switzerland may collaborate with Maltese research institutions to develop innovative solutions for sustainable agriculture and renewable energy, addressing common challenges both countries face.

In conclusion, the bilateral agreements between Switzerland and the EU, including those related to research, demonstrate the depth of their engagement and the diverse areas of cooperation between the two entities. These agreements foster knowledge exchange and technological advancements and promote economic growth and stability. This partnership showcases the importance of international collaboration in addressing global challenges and achieving shared goals. Furthermore, Switzerland and Malta have also been working closely on addressing climate change and promoting renewable energy sources. Their joint efforts in these areas have developed innovative solutions and shared best practices. By combining their expertise and resources, Switzerland and Malta are setting an example for other countries in their commitment to sustainable development and combating the effects of climate change. This partnership serves as a testament to the power of collaboration in tackling the world’s complex and interconnected challenges today. Together, they drive progress and pave the way for a more sustainable and prosperous future.

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Wrote by Eric Muhia, International Studies and Diplomacy Graduate Student and Young Diplomat.

11st January 2024, Kenya 

Category: Diplomacy 

Reference: EM110124D

“Somos una empresa de desarrollo de capacidades que conecta valores, culturas, organizaciones, individuos y sociedades en todo el mundo”

“THE POWER OF A GLOBAL MINDSET”: HOW CITIZENS SHAPE A NATION’S BRAND

A country’s brand is no longer only the duty of its government or diplomats in the connected world today. It is a joint effort including all of its residents, whose viewpoints, behaviours, and attitudes are essential in determining how the outside world views their country. A global mindset among its population is one important characteristic that can greatly influence a country’s branding. The article will examine how a nation’s citizens with a global mindset can be the catalyst behind strengthening their country’s reputation.

Understanding the Global Mindset:

An awareness of global issues, a readiness to interact with people from different cultures, and an open mind are traits of a global mindset. It embraces our planet’s connection and spans across geographic barriers. When nationals embrace a global mindset, they make a number of contributions to their nation’s branding:

Cultural Ambassadors: Citizens who appreciate and respect other cultures become de facto cultural ambassadors for their nation. Whether through cuisine, art, music, or fashion, they can showcase the richness of their country’s cultural heritage to the world.

Economic Growth: A global mindset often leads to international business collaborations and trade relationships. Entrepreneurs and business professionals who think globally can attract foreign investment, create jobs, and stimulate economic growth, all of which enhance their nation’s economic brand.

Positive Experiences for Tourists: Travelers often judge a nation by the experiences they have with its citizens. A welcoming and friendly populace can leave a lasting impression on tourists, encouraging them to return and share their positive experiences, which, in turn, bolsters the nation’s reputation as a tourist destination.

Advocacy for Global Issues: Citizens with a global mindset are more likely to engage with global challenges such as climate change, human rights, and international cooperation. Their advocacy on these issues not only reflects positively on their nation but can also lead to meaningful global change.

Effective Communication: In an age of instant communication and social media, citizens can become powerful communicators for their nation. A global mindset encourages them to share their stories and experiences with the world, providing authentic and relatable narratives that can shape perceptions positively.

International Relations: National governments often rely on their citizens to build people-to-people relationships with other nations. Exchange programs, educational initiatives, and volunteer work are all opportunities for citizens to foster goodwill and cooperation, contributing to their nation’s diplomatic brand.

Innovation and Creativity: A global mindset fosters creativity and innovation. Citizens who think beyond borders are more likely to develop groundbreaking technologies, arts, and ideas, which can enhance their nation’s reputation as a hub for innovation.

The importance of citizens in establishing a country’s brand cannot be overstated at a time when countries continue to compete for recognition and power on the international scene. Nationals with a global mindset can be a great benefit, fostering healthy relationships, economic expansion, and cross-cultural interchange. When people live up to the ideals of transparency, diversity, and cooperation, they not only represent their country but also actively contribute to its image, which in turn shapes how the outside world views them. Citizens with a global outlook are not only advantageous in an increasingly interconnected world, but they are also essential for any country hoping to make a positive and long-lasting impact on the international scene.

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References:

Anholt, S. (2007). “Competitive Identity: The New Brand Management for Nations, Cities and Regions.” Journal of Brand Management, 14(1/2), 74-81.

Javidan, M., Teagarden, M. B., & Bowen, D. (2010). “Global mindset: A review and proposed extensions.”, Advances in International Management, 23, 11-

Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., De Luque, M. S., & House, R. J. (2006). “In the Eye of the Beholder: Cross Cultural Lessons in Leadership from Project GLOBE.”, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

FutureBrand (2021). “The FutureBrand Country Index 2021.”, FutureBrand Report.

Thunderbird School of Global Management (2018). “Thunderbird Global Mindset Survey Report.” Thunderbird School of Global Management Report.

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Written by Christopher Crossley, Luxury Lifestyle Professional

21 November 2023, Trinidad  & Tobago 

Category: Diplomacy  

Reference: CC211123D    

“Somos una empresa de desarrollo de capacidades que conecta valores, culturas, organizaciones, individuos y sociedades en todo el mundo”

THE RISE OF DIGITAL DIPLOMACY: NAVIGATING THE GLOBALISED LANDSCAPE WITH CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE

In an era that saw many businesses and countries catapulted into digital transformation due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the world had to take stock of how diplomatic relations and professional interactions are conducted online. Definitely not to be merely mistaken for your general rules of Netiquette. Two interconnected developments that have emerged as essential elements influencing international relations and the corporate landscape are digital diplomacy’s rise and cultural intelligence’s importance in a modernised global workplace.

Digital Diplomacy: A New Paradigm in International Relations

Digital diplomacy is described as using technology to conduct diplomatic activities, such as engaging with international and intergovernmental organisations and developing international cooperation. The internet, social media, and other platforms have been the driving force behind this transition, which has transformed how global entities interact and work together.

Using social media platforms as diplomatic tools is one of the key aspects of digital diplomacy. Leaders and diplomats leverage platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram to engage directly with citizens and audiences across international borders.

Moreover, digital diplomacy has proven instrumental in crisis management and public diplomacy. Governments can disseminate information rapidly during emergencies and engage with global audiences to manage perceptions. The COVID-19 pandemic showcased the significance of digital platforms in giving accurate information and coordinating international responses.

Cultural Intelligence: A Vital Skill in the Globalized Workplace

A diversified workforce and business environment result from organisations expanding their activities across international borders in an increasingly connected world.  The capacity to comprehend people from various cultural origins, adapt to them, and communicate effectively with them is referred to as cultural intelligence. In light of this, cultural intelligence (CQ) has become crucial for both professionals and leaders.

In a globalised workplace, cultural intelligence goes beyond simply acknowledging cultural differences; it involves a deeper appreciation and understanding of diverse perspectives, norms, and behaviours. Professionals who possess proficiency in cultural intelligence are better equipped to navigate the landscape of cross-cultural interactions and forge lasting relationships.

Research has shown that individuals with high levels of cultural intelligence are more likely to succeed in international assignments and are better equipped to lead diverse teams. They demonstrate greater adaptability, empathy, and open-mindedness, which are crucial for effective communication and negotiation across cultures.

Synergy Between Digital Diplomacy and Cultural Intelligence

The convergence of digital diplomacy and cultural intelligence shapes the future of international relations and globalised business environments. These two trends are not mutually exclusive; they often complement and reinforce each other.

Digital diplomacy provides a platform for strengthening cross-cultural understanding and interactions. Diplomats and leaders can interact with audiences from various backgrounds, exchange cultural perspectives, and encourage discussion on international issues using social media and social networks. Through digital involvement, cultural diplomats can reach those previously shut out of traditional diplomatic relations and transcend geographic barriers.

Conversely, cultural intelligence improves the reach and effectiveness of digital diplomacy efforts. Diplomats and professionals who possess cultural intelligence understand the nuances of communication styles, etiquette, and cultural sensitivities, ensuring their messages are received positively and avoiding unintended misunderstandings.

Conclusion

The rise in the need for ongoing digital diplomacy measures and the growing importance of cultural intelligence are two significant indicators of reshaping international relations and how we operate in the modern business environment. Online platforms present fresh diplomacy and cross-cultural dialogue opportunities in a connected world. At the same time, cultural intelligence enables people to successfully navigate the complexities of global interactions effectively and with empathy.

As we progress, merging digital diplomacy and cultural intelligence will play a vital role in shaping diplomatic strategies, improving international collaborations, and fostering a more inclusive and interconnected global community.

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References:

Seib, P. M. (2018). Digital Diplomacy: A Globalized Tool for Communication in the Twenty-First Century. Routledge.

Zaharna, R. S. (2019). Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. Routledge.

Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Koh, C. (2006). Personality correlates of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), 100-123.

Livermore, D. (2011). Leading with Cultural Intelligence: The New Secret to Success. AMACOM.

Holmes, L. (2018). Cultural Diplomacy in the Age of Digital Diplomacy. Diplomatic Courier.

Wang, Y., & Sun, S. (2017). The Impact of Cultural Intelligence on Cross-Cultural Communication Effectiveness: A Study of Chinese Expatriates in Multinational Organizations. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 61, 67-77.

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Writer by Christopher Crossley, Luxury lifestyle professional

27th August 2023, Trinidad  and Tobago

Category: Diplomacy

Reference: CC27082023D  

“Somos una empresa de desarrollo de capacidades que conecta valores, culturas, organizaciones, individuos y sociedades en todo el mundo”

SELF-REFLECTION ON DEVELOPING A GLOBAL MINDSET

Reflections on the most relevant points learned during the ProtocolToday Academy Global Mindset Executive Masterclass Program, specifically on protocol and etiquette in the diplomatic and business fields. During my professional career, I have had the opportunity to participate in numerous diplomatic activities and meetings, which has led me to understand the importance of protocol and etiquette in the success of relationships.

In this sense, protocol and etiquette, both in diplomacy and business, are essential tools for establishing and maintaining effective and respectful communication with others. They are the pillars that support the appropriate standards of behaviour and conduct in the political, social and business spheres. Following these standards creates an atmosphere of professionalism, courtesy and mutual respect, which fosters trust and strengthens business relationships.

One of the main lessons to highlight is the importance of punctuality. Arriving on time to meetings and appointments demonstrates commitment, respect for the time of others, and a professional attitude. In addition, proper clothing is also an essential aspect of business and diplomatic etiquette. Dressing appropriately for each occasion shows respect for others and helps project a professional image.

Another crucial aspect of the business protocol is greeting and treatment of others. It is essential to greet cordially and respectfully, using the titles corresponding to the position held by the person and respecting the hierarchical levels. In addition, body languages, such as eye contact and a firm handshake, is important in establishing an excellent initial impression.

Proper communication is another essential element. It is important to speak clearly and maintain an appropriate tone of voice in all interactions. Listening carefully to others, showing genuine interest, and avoiding interruptions are key aspects of effective communication.

Likewise, respect for the hierarchy and the rules of courtesy is fundamental in business and diplomacy. When interacting with people from different levels of the hierarchy, it is essential to show deference and treat each individual respectfully, regardless of their position.

Punctuality, appropriate clothing, respectful greeting, effective communication and respect for others are some essential elements of protocol and etiquette. These aspects contribute to establishing solid, lasting and successful relationships in the diplomatic sphere and the business world.

In my reflection, through the Protocol Today Academy program, he reinforced my knowledge and understanding that protocol and etiquette are rigid rules and reflect the fundamentals of courtesy, respect, and professionalism. By integrating these practices into my day-to-day professional, he experienced how they can positively influence my relationships and professional growth as a Panamanian diplomat.

Protocol and etiquette in business are essential to establish successful and lasting relationships in the business field. By following these standards, we show respect, courtesy and professionalism towards others, which contributes to strengthening diplomatic and commercial relations and mutual success.

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Writer by Renato A. Famiglietti Moreno, Second Secretary Diplomatic and Consular Career of the Republic of Panama to the Kingdom of The Netherlands

22sd June 2023, The Netherlands

Category: Diplomacy

Reference: RF22062023D    

“Somos una empresa de desarrollo de capacidades que conecta valores, culturas, organizaciones, individuos y sociedades en todo el mundo”

THE IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING IN DIPLOMACY

Introduction

Cultural understanding in diplomacy is the awareness and appreciation of the diverse and complex aspects of culture that shape the identities, values, beliefs, and behaviours of people and nations. It is also the ability to communicate, interact, and cooperate with people from different cultural backgrounds respectfully and constructively.

Importance of Cultural Understanding in Today’s globalised world

Cultural understanding in diplomacy is relevant in today’s globalised world because it can enhance mutual trust and respect among countries and peoples. By being aware and appreciative of the diverse and complex aspects of culture that shape the identities, values, beliefs, and behaviours of others, diplomats can reduce stereotypes, prejudices, and misunderstandings that may hinder effective communication and cooperation.

Secondly, cultural understanding in diplomacy can foster dialogue and cooperation on global issues that require collective action and coordination. Many of the challenges and opportunities that the world faces today, such as climate change, human rights, trade, security, and development, are influenced by cultural factors and perspectives. By understanding and respecting these issues’ cultural diversity and complexity, diplomats can find common ground, generate creative solutions, and build partnerships.

Thirdly, cultural understanding in diplomacy can promote peace and stability. Culture can be a source of conflict or a resource for peace, depending on how it is perceived and managed. By recognising and addressing the cultural dimensions of conflicts, diplomats can prevent or resolve disputes arising from cultural differences or grievances. By promoting and supporting the cultural rights and aspirations of people and nations, diplomats can also contribute to preventing violence and extremism.

Finally, it can protect and advance each country’s national interests and values. Culture is an integral part of a country’s identity, image, and influence it has in the world. Diplomats can enhance their country’s soft power and cultural diplomacy by communicating, showcasing, and sharing their culture with others. By being able to appreciate and learn from the culture of others, diplomats can also enrich their country’s knowledge and innovation.

In addition, cultural understanding in diplomacy can enrich the diversity and creativity of humanity. Culture is a dynamic and evolving expression of human creativity and heritage. Diplomats can foster intercultural dialogue and exchange by celebrating and sharing civilisations’ cultural achievements and contributions. By protecting and preserving cultural diversity and heritage, diplomats can ensure its sustainability for future generations.

How can cultural differences impact Diplomatic Relations?

Cultural differences play a role in diplomatic relations and negotiations, as they can create communication barriers that hinder the process. It’s necessary to understand how counterparts from different cultures perceive your culture and research them; before entering negotiations. Negotiators should prepare to cope with cultural differences when making deals in several countries, as the diversity of the world’s cultures makes it impossible to understand them all.

Different cultures have negotiation styles and techniques that can impact the negotiation process. For instance, physical touching is a cultural norm that can affect negotiations, and regional Chinese negotiation differences exist in intra- and international negotiations. One of the significant challenges when negotiating with people from different cultures is the potential for misunderstandings, such as interpreting the American drive to stipulate all contingencies as a need for more confidence in the underlying relationship. Another challenge is the potential for negative perceptions of one’s culture, which could negatively impact the negotiation’s outcome. Knowing how others perceive your culture and adjusting your approach during negotiations is crucial for better results. In conclusion, cultural understanding plays a significant role in diplomatic relations and negotiations. Understanding cultural differences can help overcome communication barriers and lead to successful negotiations that benefit all parties involved.

Strategies for developing cultural understanding.
Some tips for diplomats to develop cultural understanding are:

Start with your own culture. Culture is not limited to race, ethnicity, or family background; it encompasses all the parts that make up a person. It also considers your workplace, school, and the people you spend time with. By reflecting on your culture and how it shapes your identity, values, beliefs, and behaviours, you can become more aware of your assumptions, biases, and preferences. You can also appreciate the diversity and complexity of culture and how it influences different aspects of life.

Admit what you don’t know. Humility is the key to cultural understanding. Identifying and taking responsibility for gaps in your knowledge and understanding creates space for dialogue and learning. Sidestepping questions and avoiding certain topics can impede one’s communication and ability to navigate within cultural differences. As long as you ask with a genuine desire to learn, most people will be more than happy to answer. You can also research and seek reliable sources of information about different cultures.

Make local connections. Find local organisations or venues that work with a cultural group you’re interested in and stop by. You can also attend cultural events or festivals that showcase the arts, music, food, or traditions of different cultures. These are great opportunities to interact with people from different backgrounds, learn about their culture, and enjoy their cultural expressions.

Pay attention to non-verbal behaviours. Communication is about words, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, posture, tone of voice, and silence. Different cultures may have different meanings and norms for these non-verbal cues. For example, some cultures may value direct eye contact as a sign of respect and honesty, while others may consider it rude or aggressive. By observing and learning about the non-verbal behaviours of different cultures, you can avoid misunderstandings and show respect.

Exchange stories. One of the best ways to develop cultural understanding is to share personal stories and experiences with people from different cultures. Stories can reveal much about a person’s culture, values, beliefs, and perspectives. They can also create emotional connections and empathy among people who may otherwise have little in common. By exchanging stories, you can learn more about yourself and others and discover points of commonality and difference.

The importance of empathy, patience, and active listening in cultural understanding are:

Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. It is essential for cultural understanding because it helps you to see things from another person’s point of view and appreciate their emotions and motivations. Empathy can also reduce negative feelings such as fear, anger, or resentment arising from cultural differences or conflicts. Empathising with them can build trust and rapport with people from different cultures.

Patience is tolerating delay or difficulty without getting angry or upset. It is necessary for cultural understanding because it helps you to cope with uncertainty and ambiguity that may arise from cultural differences or misunderstandings. Patience can also prevent you from making hasty judgments or assumptions based on stereotypes or prejudices. By being patient, you can give yourself and others time to learn and adjust to different cultural situations.

Active listening is paying full attention to what another person is saying and showing interest and feedback. It is vital for cultural understanding because it helps to comprehend and retain the information that another person is conveying. Active listening can also demonstrate respect and curiosity for another person’s culture and opinions. By actively listening, you can avoid miscommunication and confusion resulting from cultural differences or language barriers.

Conclusion

In conclusion, cultural understanding is crucial in diplomacy for building solid and lasting relationships across cultures. It helps to promote mutual respect, trust, and empathy between different cultures and avoid misunderstandings and conflicts arising from cultural differences. Diplomats with cultural competence are better equipped to communicate effectively, negotiate respectfully, and build personal relationships with counterparts from different cultures. Building culturally competent organisations is necessary for promoting diversity and inclusion in diplomacy. Research shows that dealmaking across cultures leads to worse outcomes than negotiations conducted within the same culture, highlighting the importance of cultural understanding in diplomacy.

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Writer by Eric Muhia, International Studies and Diplomacy Graduate Student and Young Diplomat.

22sd June 2023, Kenya 

Category: Diplomacy

Reference: EM22062023D  

“Somos una empresa de desarrollo de capacidades que conecta valores, culturas, organizaciones, individuos y sociedades en todo el mundo”

THE ROLE OF DIPLOMACY IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

Diplomacy in international Business is essential because it helps to establish and maintain good relationships with foreign governments and other stakeholders. This can help to reduce the risks associated with doing Business in foreign countries, such as political instability, corruption, and other non-commercial factors.

Commercial or Business diplomacy is a type of diplomacy that focuses specifically on promoting trade and investment between countries. It involves developing long-term relationship-building strategies with governments, local communities, and interest groups. Commercial diplomacy is a government service to the business community that aims to develop socially profitable international business ventures. It can help firms improve their performance regarding so-called soft or nonfinancial indicators such as knowledge sharing, reputation, company image, and marketing possibilities. It differs from lobbying or strategic political activity; it implies a strategic and holistic approach of an international business to look at itself as an actor in the international diplomatic arena. Representation, communication, and negotiation are essential in such an approach. Successful negotiations require communication, cooperation, and compromise between countries. Outsiders can bring impartiality and help reach deals by proposing incentives.

How diplomacy is used in international relations and how it can be applied to Business.

Diplomacy is a method that governments use to influence the actions of foreign governments through peaceful tactics such as negotiation and dialogue. It’s typically carried out by a country’s representatives abroad, but a diplomat’s activities will be controlled mainly by the government they serve. In international business, diplomacy can be applied in many ways. For example, it can be used to establish and maintain good relationships with foreign governments and other stakeholders. This can help to reduce the risks associated with doing Business in foreign countries, such as political instability, corruption, and other non-commercial factors.

How can businesses use diplomacy to resolve conflicts with other companies?

Businesses can use diplomacy to resolve conflicts with other companies by engaging in negotiations and dialogues to promote peaceful relations. Diplomacy involves communication, cooperation, and compromise between parties. The success of diplomatic efforts requires parties to agree on the negotiation’s goal and how to achieve it. Businesses can lead the negotiations or enlist outside mediators, such as a neutral third party, to bring impartiality and help reach deals by proposing incentives. For instance, businesses can offer to collaborate on a project or provide a discount on a product or service to resolve a conflict. Businesses should prioritise peaceful negotiations and incentives to resolve conflicts with other companies. By using diplomacy, businesses can promote peaceful relations and obtain an agreement of cooperation in which each side is getting its interest fulfilled.

Examples of successful diplomacy in international Business

One example is the P5+1 Nuclear Agreement between 2006-2015 between the UNSC-Iran, the USA, and Western states. This agreement was finished on July 14, 2015, and aimed to ensure that Iran’s nuclear program would be exclusively peaceful. The agreement resulted from diplomatic negotiations and was seen as a successful example of diplomacy in international Business. The success of the agreement can be attributed to the use of diplomacy. The parties involved engage in dialogue, negotiations, and compromise to reach a mutually beneficial agreement. This helped to avoid the possibility of a military conflict, which would have had severe economic and political implications. The P5+1 Nuclear Agreement demonstrates how diplomacy can help address complex issues in international Business. Countries can create a favourable business environment that promotes growth and development by engaging in dialogue and negotiations. In this case, the agreement lifted sanctions on Iran, which opened up new business opportunities for companies in Western countries.

Another example of successful diplomacy in international Business is summit diplomacy, which involves high-level diplomacy involving the state’s leaders. Diplomatic summits allow leaders to come together and discuss critical issues, build trust and understanding, and reach agreements that benefit their nations. In the 21st century, diplomatic summits have become essential to international Business, as they offer a unique platform for leaders to discuss complex issues and find common ground. One of the most well-known examples of summit diplomacy is the meeting between US President Richard Nixon and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in 1972, which marked the beginning of a new era in US-China relations. Diplomatic summits have also addressed arms control, economic cooperation, environmental protection, and global security issues.

Some of the challenges that can arise in business diplomacy are:

In international business, cultural differences play a crucial role in shaping the dynamics of communication and negotiation. Business diplomats must know and respect different countries and regions’ cultural values, norms, and expectations. It is essential to adapt communication and negotiation styles to the cultural context and avoid falling prey to cultural stereotypes and biases that may negatively impact the perception and judgment of others.

Ethical concerns are also important considerations for business diplomats. Upholding high standards of ethical conduct and corporate social responsibility is crucial in dealing with various stakeholders. Business diplomats must be prepared to address the potential ethical dilemmas and conflicts that may arise from their business activities, such as tax avoidance, environmental impact, human rights violations, corruption, and bribery. By doing so, they can build and maintain trust with stakeholders and mitigate reputational and financial risks.

Some possible advice on how to navigate and overcome the challenges of business diplomacy are:

Business diplomacy can be challenging, but there are ways to navigate and overcome the obstacles. One of the most significant challenges is cultural differences, and business diplomats must be aware of and respect the cultural values, norms, and expectations of different countries and regions. They should also adapt their communication and negotiation styles accordingly. It is essential to avoid cultural stereotypes and biases that may affect their perception and judgment of others. Being open-minded and respectful of different perspectives and opinions and seeking common ground and mutual understanding is crucial.

Ethical concerns are also a significant challenge that business diplomats need to address. They should follow the relevant laws and regulations of the countries where they operate and adhere to their organisation’s and industries’ ethical codes and principles. Being transparent and accountable for their actions and decisions is crucial. They should seek to balance the interests of their stakeholders with the social and environmental impacts of their business activities. Addressing potential ethical dilemmas and conflicts arising from their business activities, such as tax avoidance, ecological impact, human rights violations, corruption, and bribery, is vital for successful business diplomacy. 

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Written by Eric Muhia, International Studies and Diplomacy Graduate Student and Young Diplomat.

29 May 2023, Kenya

Category: Diplomacy

Reference: EM29052023D  

“Somos una empresa de desarrollo de capacidades que conecta valores, culturas, organizaciones, individuos y sociedades en todo el mundo”

DIPLOMATIC GIFTS

In 1887 a group of local farmers digging in Egypt amongst the ruins of el Amarna, known as Tell el-Amarna (the short-lived ancient capital of Egypt), found by complete accident what is now – The Amarna Letters.  What were these clay tablets with a cuneiform script about?  Curator of the Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities at the British Museum 1894-1924, Sir Ernest A T Wallis Budge, an Egyptologist, revealed its importance.

The Amarna Letters were found to be copies of the original and intended for royal and governmental internal documents.  It was translated from the Egyptian hieroglyphics of 1360–1332 BC to the cuneiform script for using foreign ambassadors.  In 2016, The President and Fellows of Harvard College said, “That these letters were discovered collected together represents an effort by the Egyptians, similarly to its contemporary rivals, to archive their diplomatic correspondence and international treaties, in a similar vein to modern day governance.”

These documents were housed in an administrative building near the royal palace during Amenhotep IV – Akhenaten and spoke of exchanges of gifts, marriage alliances, arguments and disputes, peace talks, agreements and the trading of resources and investments.

The Met Museum’s essay on The Amarna Letters states, “Arriving in court with messengers in possibly foreign dress and language, and accompanied by tribute or lavish gifts, the reading of a letter was probably an important part of courtly rituals related to diplomacy and provided the Egyptian king an opportunity to demonstrate his power through contacts with the outside world.”  Has much changed today when there is the offering of gifts?  Perhaps the size and value of gifts and how individuals present themselves in front of guests and media.

Exchanges of gifts are given for many reasons.  It is provided by an ambassador or leader when visiting a foreign country and cementing foreign relationships or forging alliances, new or old.  It is a way for a country to showcase its culture, people, history, traditions, and heritage it’s known for.

In 2012, a gift exchange faux pas occurred.  The former British prime minister David Cameron gifted the Barak and Michelle Obama a customised Dunlop ping pong table displaying the best British….made in China!  And Samantha Cameron, a ‘Victoriana’ inspired silk scarf created by Glaswegian Jonathan Saunders…made in Italy!  Where was the protocol officer when these decisions were made?  Conversely, the Obamas sourced a top-of-the-range 100% American BBQ from Engelbrecht Grills and Cookers of Paxton, Illinois and White House-made honey in a crystal honey vase.  A job well done by the Obama administration.

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SOURCES

https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/amlet/hd_amlet.htm

https://hist1039-16.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/exhibits/show/under-the-guise-of-greatness/the-amarna-letters

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Writer by Elizabeth Soos, specialist in Etiquette

 29 May 2023, Australia 

Category: Diplomacy

Reference: ES29052023D

“Somos una empresa de desarrollo de capacidades que conecta valores, culturas, organizaciones, individuos y sociedades en todo el mundo”